The sword and the razor were found near each other, suggesting the two artifacts may have been linked to a person of high social status, such as an elite warrior. But the placement of the metal weapons in a lake may also be related to a wider Bronze Age ritual practice where hoards of jewelry and bent or ritually "killed" artifacts were tossed into bodies of water. This practice continued through the centuries into Etruscan times, when wells were ritually "closed" with artifacts and human sacrifices.
During the 13th century B.C., people in central Italy engaged in trade networks that spanned the Mediterranean. "In this context, bronze weapons were not only instruments of combat, but also symbols of prestige, identity, and power," according to the statement.
The sword and other artifacts discovered in Lake Mezzano are giving archaeologists new information about the people who flourished in prehistoric Italy long before the Romans and Etruscans. Additional research is planned in the coming years, according to the statement.
'> Bronze Age sword discovered in an Italian lake is still sharp after 3,300 years
in orbit around Earth. The surprise snap reveals that the top-secret vehicle is very similar to its American counterpart and provides new clues about its capabilities.
The image is widely believed to show China's secretive Shenlong, or "divine dragon," space plane, which has been in action for just over six years. During this time, the reusable winged spacecraft has repeatedly made headlines after deploying various unidentified objects in low Earth orbit (LEO). As a result, government officials, private companies and individual researchers have closely monitored the vehicle using tools such as ground-based radar.
On Monday (Oct. 26), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) released the latest version of its "Challenges to Security in Space" report, which assesses the various factors that pose a risk to American space assets. Deep within the 130-page document (on page 53), the authors included a previously unseen image of a "PCR [People's Republic of China] Spaceplane." The image's brief caption revealed that the photo had been taken in 2024 by a satellite belonging to the private space company Maxar Technologies, now known as Vantor.
Neither the caption nor the related section of the report made any mention of the photo being the first of its kind or explained why it was previously classified, raising questions about whether the authors realized its significance.
There is one small caveat. The report notes that China has two active space plane designs — Shenlong and Tengyun, meaning "cloud rider" — and the image's caption does not specify which design we are looking at, according to The Aviationist.
However, there have been no confirmed launches of Tengyun to date. Existing photos of a potential prototype also hint that this vehicle's design looks markedly different from what we can see in the new photo. Therefore, most experts agree that the spacecraft in the image is most likely Shenlong.
Until now, all we really knew about Shenlong is that it operates similarly to NASA's iconic space shuttles: It gets launched into space by a rocket and circles Earth before eventually gliding down to the planet's surface, where it can then be refueled and relaunched into LEO.
It is not the world's only active space plane. The U.S. Space Force has its own, the X-37B, which has already completed seven orbital missions since its first launch in 2010 and is currently in LEO experimenting with quantum navigation. Based on the new photos, Shenlong shares many similarities with its American counterpart.
"The Chinese spaceplane has delta wings, payload bay doors, a dark heat shield, and a rear-mounted service module with power-generating solar arrays," technology news site ArsTechnica reported. "In other words, the design of the winged ship is, to a great degree, a copy of the X-37B spaceplane flown by the U.S. Space Force."
However, the two spacecraft are not exactly the same: "The overall arrangement resembles the American vehicle, although differences in wing geometry show that the two spacecraft are not externally identical," according to specialist news site Global Defense News.
It is still unclear how large Shenlong is. The X-37B is 29 feet (8.8 meters) long and has a wingspan of 15 feet (4.5 m), according to Popular Science.
The new image also indicates that Shenlong is most likely not a military asset, Global Defense News reported, noting that "the image does not establish a weapons role."
"China has developed and will continue to advance weapons for use against satellites in orbit to disrupt, damage, and destroy other nations' space capabilities," DIA representatives wrote in a separate section of the new report. "Beijing aims to become the preeminent leader in space," they added.
Since first launching into space on an initial two-day mission in September 2020, Shenlong has completed two feature-length missions: an eight-month stint in LEO between August 2022 and May 2023, and a nine-month spaceflight between December 2023 and September 2024. (The new image was taken during the latter mission).
The space plane is currently on its fourth mission, which launched Feb. 7 on board a Long March 2F rocket from China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Live Science's sister site Space.com previously reported. In total, Shenlong has racked up more than 800 days in orbit. However, it is unclear whether the same space plane was used on all four missions or if China has more than one space plane in use.
So far, Shelong has released at least nine unidentified payloads around Earth. These objects are most likely small satellites, known as cubesats, but their purpose remains unclear.
The new report also mentions that the space plane "appeared to maneuver with a companion satellite" during its second mission in November 2022, coming within 330 feet (100 m) of the smaller spacecraft and potentially even capturing and re-releasing it.
'> First clear image of China's mysterious 'divine dragon' space plane revealed in US government report
The findings, published Oct. 23 in the journal Science Immunology, also point to a potential way to block that pain.
"Inflammation in the gut has always been thought of like a fire: the sensory nerves alarm because of the smoke and the heat, and when the fire is put out the alarm should stop," said study co-author Dr. Heng Xu, a physician at Ninth People's Hospital in Shanghai. Xu and his colleagues set out to try to isolate what could be causing the pain even when there's no visible "fire" or "smoke."
"What we found is that the tissue itself changes consistency," Xu told Live Science in an email. "It becomes stiff and less elastic, a bit like a scar, and that stiffness alone keeps triggering the alarm even after the fire is out."
In ulcerative colitis, the most common form of IBD, inflammation causes ulcers in the gut, as well as symptoms like bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramping. Several medications can help quell this inflammation, but that doesn't necessarily eliminate patients' pain. The researchers wondered if immune cells that live in the gut might contribute to that ongoing pain.
They zoomed in on a protein called Piezo1; in immune cells, it's known to play a role in inflammation, and in neurons, it contributes to pain signals. The team looked at whether this protein's activity changed in the context of colitis.
"We started with sequencing data that reads cells one at a time, from the gut tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis and from mice with the disease," Xu said. "One cell type stood out: an immune cell that lives permanently in the gut wall, rather than arriving from the bloodstream when there's trouble." The quantity of these cells was higher in colitis than in healthy guts, and the cells carried more Piezo1 than the other cells analyzed.
"They sit touching the nerve endings," Xu added.
In several experiments with lab mice with colitis, the team used a probe to press on the gut tissue and measure how hard it was. This showed that, compared with healthy mice, the gut was stiffer in two models of disease: one with visible inflammation and another with almost none.
They also measured pain levels in both sets of mice. "In mice with almost no visible gut inflammation, the pain was still there, which is why a colonoscopy can look normal while the patient hurts," Xu said.
They then looked at Piezo1 in both sets of mice. The protein sits in the immune-cell membrane, and when the stiffened tissue around it is pulled or squeezed, it's as if a button were pressed and a channel opens, Xu said. This sets off a chain reaction that leads to pain, Xu said.
That's because calcium ions rush into the cell via the channel, and that surge sends a protein called NF-kB from the cell's interior fluid into its nucleus — the control center where DNA is stored. There, NF-kB plugs into a gene, ordering the cell to manufacture nerve growth factor (NGF) that then exits the immune cell.
This NGF, which is known to amplify pain signals in the body, interacts with nearby pain-sensing neurons. These nerve endings grow denser and become hypersensitive, which makes ordinary gut activity painful, the study suggests.
This newly described mechanism could help explain why ulcerative colitis patients can sometimes contend with pain even when their colonoscopies look normal. (Image credit: Kinga Krzeminska via Getty Images)The researchers used chemicals as on-off switches for Piezo1 in immune cells, opening the channel with one and closing it with another. As they did this, they tracked calcium signals and NGF production, and both rose and fell in step with the switch. This result suggests that Piezo1 activity is both necessary for this response and, on its own, enough to trigger it in these cells, Xu said.
Blocking this chain of events abolished the pain hypersensitivity in both sets of mice. The researchers tried completely removing the Piezo1 gene from the gut immune cells and found that this eliminated the pain. Removing the gene also caused no problems in healthy mice, they noted.
The study was "well controlled," said Hongzhen Hu, the scientific director for the Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, who was not involved in the research. Future research should address the chemical messengers that coordinate inflammation, called cytokines, and determine whether the same chain reaction occurs in human cells, he said in an email.
The mouse experiments also may not reflect long-term, chronic disease in patients, given the mice experienced symptoms only transiently, Xu said.
Xu and his colleagues are now aiming to develop a drug that can target Piezo1 to switch off gut pain locally without suppressing the entire immune system. This would be a more targeted treatment than current options, such as immunosuppressants or opioids.
Other scientists have explored using anti-NGF treatments for other chronic pain conditions but not for ulcerative colitis, Xu noted. Fully blocking NGF might have downsides, he said, since NGF also helps to maintain nerves.
So more work is needed to translate these findings into a treatment. But for now, the work sheds new light on how immune cells can detect a physical change — such as tissue becoming stiff — and convert it to a pain signal.
"For the pain field, that's a conceptual shift," Xu said.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice.
'> IBD may transform neurons in the gut, triggering pain even when inflammation is under control